Salinidad en peces y acuicultura 2

La salinidad tiene muchísimos beneficios para uso en acuicultura este tema es la segunda parte del mismo y acá trataremos diferencias de sal natural y de mesa , también además su uso para tratamientos de osmorregulacion..
En la primera parte tratamos su uso general : Salinidad en la acuicultura 1
En esta segunda parte detallamos diferencias entre sal natural o sal de mesa la cual es dañina, y su uso en osmoterapia para Hidropesia.
Diferencias de sal natural y de mesa
Existen muchos tipos de sal, para no extendernos en el Tema explicaremos lo basico que implica al uso para acuarismo por lo cuál detallaremos diferencias entre sal natural o marina y sal de mesa.
Sal natural:
Proviene de la evaporación del agua del mar, es el concentrado mineral natural asimilable al 100% por nuestro organismo,
Contiene un 84% de cloruro de sodio y un 16% de de minerales naturales ( magnesio, el silicio, el yodo, o el fósforo, rubidio, selenio, etc...)
Los elementos químicos que se encuentran en la sal natural están en proporciones muy parecidas a las proporciones de minerales que existen en los seres vivos por lo que cual es beneficios.
Esta proporción de minerales adecuada favorece la homeostasis o el equilibrio en nuestros procesos fisiológicos.
Ademas favorecen el buen equilibrio de la bomba sodio-potasio en nuestras células, lo cual es esencial para la vida y salud.
Ademas esta en forma de pequeños cristales que producen que sea más asimilable por nuestro organismo.
Sal de mesa:
La sal de mesa (o sal común, o sal refinada) tiene un 97% de cloruro sódico y substancias químicas añadidas.
A diferencia de la sal natural, sólo queda el sodio y el cloruro, el resto de minerales se perdieron en el proceso de refinamiento.
Tambien tiene mucho más sodio que en la sal natural y no tiene el equilibrio idóneo de minerales que necesita un ser vivo, lo cual aumenta el riesgo de problemas cardiovasculares, retención de líquidos e hipertensión, entre otros.
Además contiene absorbentes de humedad y anti apelmazantes, algunos de ellos perjudiciales para la salud..
Uno de ellos es el hidróxido de aluminio, que evita que la sal se pegue para que quede separada pero este componente es bastante tóxico y afecta al sistema nervioso y ha sido documentado que podría incluso conducir al Alzheimer.
También contiene flúor que en dosis elevadas es tóxico y potente cancerígeno.
No contiene potasio, por lo cual no favorece la bomba sodio-potasio de nuestras células.
Y el proceso de secado de la sal refinada cambia la estructura química y se destrozan los cristales que favorecen la asimilacion .
Es decir químicamente contienen sustancias muy distintas.
Introducción a la osmorregulacion:
Yo venía usado la salinidad ya hace buen tiempo en casos de hidropesia ( ayudando a curar peces en la web ) y otros, por ello en un momento decidi darle un tono cientifico a este tema y para ello le pedi a un amigo biotecnologo que me de su opinion para ayudarnos a todos a comprender este tema y usarlo de ser necesario, mi buen amigo Fran Im me respondio, aca les comparto el informe, espero les sea util para comprender mas este bello mundo, este es un granito de arena je saludos,..:
Fuente: Introducción a la Osmorregulación
Escrito 09-12-2013 a las 06:55 PM por Fran_lm
Estimados compañeros:
El amigo Mariano me ha hecho notar recientemente que sería interesante contar con alguna noción relativa al concepto de osmorregulación en acuariofilia, por lo que he preparado este breve escrito que espero que os resulte tan sencillo como revelador.
Cómo empezar semejante tema acerca de la regulación del potencial osmótico si no es haciendo referencia al proceso conocido como “ósmosis”. Dicho de forma muy sencilla: existe un fenómeno de ósmosis cuando se da la existencia de una membrana semipermeable (como puede ser la membrana celular de los seres vivos) que separa dos medios líqudos con distinta concentración de solutos. Cuando esto ocurre, existe una tendencia termodinámica a que se igualen las concentraciones de soluto a ambos lados de la membrana mediante el paso de disolvente a través de la misma.
Dicho de otra manera: hay un flujo neto de disolvente desde el compartimento de menor concentración de soluto hasta el compartimento de mayor concentración de soluto, para así tratar de igualar las concentraciones, como aparece representado en la siguiente imagen:
Pues bien, llevémonos este principio químico a un contexto biológico: la célula. Las células contienen en su interior multitud de solutos de diferentes características, y como ya he comentado con anterioridad, su membrana funciona como una membrana semipermeable; por lo tanto, si las células se encuentran en un medio con distinta concentración de solutos de la que hay en su interior, habrá fenómeno de ósmosis. Si la concentración de solutos (también conocida como osmolaridad), es mayor en el medio exterior que en el interior celular,
hablamos de que el medio es hipertónico o de que la células es hipotónica con respecto al medio, y para compensar esta diferencia el agua tiende a salir de la célula (se deshidrata).
En el caso contrario, si la osmolaridad del medio es menor que la del interior celular, decimos que el medio es hipotónico o que la célula es hipertónica con respecto al medio, y en este caso agua del medio entra a la célula (se hincha).
Nótese que cuando la osmolaridad del medio es igual a la del interior celular hablamos de un medio isotónico, donde no hay flujo neto de disolvente.
Con esta pequeña introducción, vámonos al acuario dulce: ¿Cómo lidian los peces con esta situación? Dado que el agua dulce tiene muy pocas sales disueltas (baja concentración de solutos), los peces de agua dulce son hipertónicos con respecto al medio.
Por lo explicado arriba, esto se traduce en un continuo paso de agua desde el medio hasta el interior del pez (de la zona de menor concentración de soluto hasta la de mayor concentración). Como os podéis imaginar, de no existir mecanismos de osmorregulación los peces se terminarían hinchando tanto que literalmente estallarían (de hecho es fácil ver este fenómeno con células aisladas incluso en casa, con un microscopio doméstico).
¿Cómo luchan contra este fenómeno los peces de agua dulce? Principalmente valiéndose de sus riñones, los cuales producen continuamente grandes cantidades de urina muy diluida, de esta manera, todo el agua que entra mediante mecanismo osmótico la compensan orinando el mismo volumen.
Me gustaría que os dieseis cuenta de que cuanto más blanda es el agua (menor concentración de solutos o materia a disolver) mayor es la presión osmótica contra la que los peces tienen que luchar, dado que es mayor la diferencia de concentraciones entre el medio y el interior del pez.
Y es precisamente este el fundamento y la utilidad de la “osmoterapia” o tratamiento (siempre temporal) con salinidad en el caso de peces enfermos (por ejemplo con retención de líquidos) o estresados.
Al añadir sal al agua, la diferencia entre la concentración de solutos en el agua del acuario y el interior del pez disminuye, por lo que disminuye la presión osmótica, por así decirlo el agua entra con menor fuerza en el pez, y este no tiene que “luchar” tanto contra este flujo de entrada de agua.
A modo de curiosidad, sin ánimo de extenderme más, me gustaría señalar que la situación de los peces de agua salada es completamente opuesta a los de agua dulce: son hipotónicos con respecto al medio (dada la alta concentración de solutos del agua salada), por lo que el agua, en vez de “entrar”, “sale” de ellos, lo cual exige mecanismos de osmorregulación completamente distintos a los de agua dulce, que implican la excreción de sales por parte del pez (disminuyendo así la osmolaridad interna).
Espero que este breve escrito os sea de interés y os ayude a entender el por qué de la osmoterapia en agua dulce, y si consideráis conveniente profundizar en alguna parte lo haré encantado.
Autor: Mariano Ariel Rodríguez. - Argentina_ Chaco
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Starting Strength can help. That’s because the basis of Starting Power is simplicity – the training modality is simple to comply with and it includes simply 5 barbell workouts.
This is a good program for individuals who
are constructing a house health club and want to work out
in the consolation of their very own areas. Now, as everyone
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that’s just what these two applications enable
us to develop.
Once the weights become too heavy, you start failing reps
on the final sets. Stronglifts 5×5 makes use of 5×5 straight units to keep away from training to failure.
You have to choose a decrease weight in order to carry it for five sets of five.
This is best for brand spanking new, returning and weak
lifters. Again, some folks can do more reps with 70-80% of their max than others (11).
The level here is that you just shouldn’t be doing 5×5
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It makes the four lighter back-off sets simpler. It’s also easier to inspire your self
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If you’re not happy with your form, you can improve it on the lighter back-off sets by focusing on quality reps.
My coaching logs go back to 2007 (I sadly didn’t maintain a log through the
first eight years of my lifting career). The first 12 months Mike
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On Stronglifts 5×5 you also do Squats and Rows in exercise A.
Add the time to set your gear between lifts.
Then use the load on the set before that as your starting weight.
Earlier Than the exercise I mentioned my current state with the trainer, and advised him I was doing the
SL program, that I was three weeks in and about my long-term goal (to get
greater muscles). He had never heard of the program, however took a have a
look at it and assured me that it was not apt for use by a newbie and that
it didn't train all the physique. 5th de-load was when 5x5 on squats was burning
me out, so I switched to 3x5 and I lastly bought a weight lifting belt.
I wanted to feel what the belt was like with some lighter masses first,
then progress from there. I solely use the belt on my highest weight, not for heat
ups, but man that made an enormous distinction for me.
I'm making an attempt to resolve a disagreement between the StrongLifts 5x5 program and the low
quantity analysis on ExRx.internet. I believed a number of of those myths when I
found the 5×5 exercise in 2003. Twenty years later, some individuals
are nonetheless spreading these myths even though we now have loads of proof exhibiting the truth.
That signifies that one could solely ever want one program with some minor modifications
along the way. I feel that is where we’re going to continue
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of progress. Anyway, once more, well done, and
I’d advocate trying out Beginning Strength and doing
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Displaying my progression from these weights to my finish weights is a bit deceptive since I began so
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of my progress. I moved my bench from 122.5 to 140kg, my squat from 120kg to 150kg, and my deadlift
from 165kg to 190kg on Wendler by the point
of writing. I did this within seven months and the progress
is nicely reported on my youtube channel when you needed to dig deeper.

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Many of the best knee sleeves on the list above are IPF-approved, however some aren’t.
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If you’re experiencing consistent ache or discomfort you must discuss with a specialist.
In essence, knee wraps are lengthy strips of elastic material mostly used in weightlifting & powerlifting.
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We’ve rounded up the best knee sleeves primarily based
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approach in knee sleeves. Whereas you'll have the ability to select to put
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While we independently select products, we rely on skilled input to inform our selections.
I even have been competing in powerlifting since 2007 — having competed at 12 national powerlifting championships and three world championships.
I have also been the Head Coach for Staff Canada Powerlifting since
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foot contained in the brace, pull it up over your knee,
and you’re good to go. Nevertheless, it could get barely uncomfortable if worn for a very lengthy time because of the
warmth and stitching on the again. We additionally included quick evaluations for each of them in addition to a brief buyer’s information. Choosing the best one involves
understanding your wants, understanding the proper match,
and being aware of high quality over cost.
In The Meantime, the sleeve’s four-way compression design applies stable compression throughout your knee, providing you
with assist without limiting your range of movement.
And because it's lined with slip-resistant silicone grips, you won’t have to fret about it sliding
misplaced as you progress. The sleeve is at present out there in sizes small through extra-extra-large.
This degree of tightness provides a detailed, cosy match around the knee joint without being too tight.
It provides assist to the knee muscle tissue and ligaments all through all actions.
The further range of motion from the thinner sleeves is beneficial when you’re blending running and lifting.
However, the 7mm possibility is IPF and IWF licensed if you
plan to additionally compete outdoors of CrossFit.
The best knee brace for you'll rely entirely
in your purpose for carrying one, whether or not it is basic knee pain,
or post-surgery restoration.
Forestall knee injury and pain from tendonitis, surgery,
and ACL tears with added help from our robust knee sleeves.
These garments ought to match snugly without inflicting discomfort and ought to be correctly
fitted by a specialist to ensure they perform effectively.
Sporting knee assist whereas sleeping may be acceptable, relying on the sort of support
used. Compression sleeves particularly designed for
nighttime use are generally bulkier. They accommodate the physique's
position during sleep, providing continuous pressure that
will assist cut back swelling and enhance consolation. Choosing whether or not
to sleep with a knee sleeve hinges on private
comfort, the character of the knee situation, and the way the
brace suits. It Is important to pick a brace that doesn't result in skin irritation or limit
circulation.

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- 14. | 19/03/2025
too. It could be carried out from a variety of postures, together with standing, tall
kneeling, or seated variations. Take the shoulder press to the following stage with the bottoms-up press, a move that challenges your shoulder stability in new methods.
By turning the bell the other means up, you now face a critical balance challenge.
The huge amount of urgent within a typical coaching program is greater than sufficient to stimulate and develop the front delts.
The anterior or entrance deltoid is primarily responsible for shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction. That
is raising your arm in entrance of you (e.g., entrance
raise) and performing a chest fly movement [1,2].
The unilateral dumbbell shrug includes doing the exercise one arm at a time, allowing extra targeted
concentration of the goal muscles.
These dumbbell arm workouts are the most effective in the enterprise for constructing every
muscle of the higher arm. Bounce up on two parallel bars or
gymnastics rings together with your palms going through
inward and your arms straight (A). In this text, we cowl
seven of one of the best bodybuilding again workouts that may help you build mass,
strength, and definition. Whether you’re a beginner or an skilled lifter,
these workout routines will present the muse for a well-rounded back
workout. In my work with professional baseball teams
over the previous 20 years, I’ve seen firsthand how well-intentioned stretching can sometimes do more hurt
than good. But over time, mobility experts realized this stretch was making
the shoulder joint excessively unfastened and unstable, growing injury danger somewhat than preventing it.
The rotator cuff aids in controlling the movements of your shoulder joint and often acts as a stabilizer.
The four rotator cuff muscles are the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor,
and subscapularis (2). The functions of the posterior deltoids are
extension, horizontal extension, and external rotation of
the shoulder joints.
Finally, your posterior deltoids (or rear deltoids) sit behind your
shoulders the place they help shoulder extension—moving your arms backwards.
Analysis has shown that the staple move of old-school muscle-building applications like the Blueprint to Mass hits each the front and medial delts greater than different dumbbell press variations.
Plus, many lifters simply find it more friendly to their shoulder
joints. Our shoulder workout is designed to add muscle mass to
all sides of your shoulders and makes use of each low and high-rep units to
maximise energy and muscle development.
Just go to failure on each set, whether it finally ends up being eight reps, 5 reps or nevertheless many.
Instead, undertake the heavy compound/light isolation system for selection and
effectiveness. This additionally takes under consideration how most
isolation workout routines are onerous in your joints when done with overly heavy hundreds.
Most lifters tend to emphasize the anterior head
and pay too little consideration to the medial and rear heads.
Needless to say, this oversight can harm your long-term
progress. As An Alternative of attempting to lift too heavy,
give consideration to retracting the scapula and contracting the goal muscle with each
rep, says Saini. Saini advises experimenting with totally different grip widths to find the
position that greatest targets your shoulders and feels
most comfortable in your joints.
The upright row is a barbell exercise that works not only your side
delts, but in addition your higher trapezius. The stability of the bench will let you focus in your entrance and
aspect delts with out worrying as much about stability,
though the dumbbells will problem and develop your shoulder
stability. That’s why we’ve compiled a listing of the 10 finest shoulder exercises for muscle and strength.
There’s a broad choice of shoulder workout routines, every of which
delivers completely different results and targets different muscular tissues.
Comparable to the bent-over reverse flyes, the lateral increase also requires two dumbbells which you’ll elevate from the middle up to your sides, this time
with an upright posture. I also like using the barbell for landmine shoulder presses and throws.
Nonetheless, the shoulders are actively concerned in a quantity
of upper body workouts (bench press, push up, dips, etc.) so it is possible to get away with once
every week depending in your routine. This is likely due to
the reality that one motion that the rear delts are used for is external rotation of the arms, corresponding to when you turn your arms to use a impartial grip.
Although the differences had been significant, there weren't big differences within the muscle exercise of the rear deltoid or infraspinatus based mostly on the totally different hand grips used.
In different words, utilizing the impartial grip allowed for
a reasonable improve in muscle activity of the rear delts and infraspinatus.
This could also be due to the truth that one motion of the rear deltoid is to rotate the arm out like what happens whenever
you turn your arms out to take a neutral grip.
Traps are divided into three sections — upper, center, and lower — and you should target them from totally different angles to construct a
thick, dense again. The excellent news is that you can get a
whole trapezius exercise with nothing but a pair of dumbbells.
As an in-home personal trainer, I work with several clients
who solely have access to dumbbells.
By putting the strap above the elbow in your upper arm, it removes
both the elbow joint and the wrist joint from the motion. This helps place extra overload
on the deltoid for larger muscle growth. Plus, the change-up allows you to target barely totally different muscle fibers
within the deltoid for greatest results. This model of the lateral elevate is also
great for those with an damage of the wrist or elbow joint, or an harm
of the biceps or forearm muscle tissue.
Even if you don’t improve the quantity of units you perform,
you’ll nonetheless find that you’re able to perform more reps, at heavier weights main to very large
progress. For a few of us, there's nothing better than placing heavy
stuff overhead. This old-school free-weights-only shoulder exercise begins off with heavy,
powerful push-presses, then pumps up your lateral and rear delts with dumbbells.
The secret to the Cable Face Pull’s effectiveness lies
in the combination of external rotation and horizontal pulling.
This movement engages the rear deltoids intensely, together with the muscle tissue of the higher
back. The fixed rigidity offered by the cable ensures that the rear
delts are engaged all through the entire vary of movement, making this exercise a
complete rear delt builder. As you pull your body
upwards, the rear deltoids are referred to as into action to manage and execute the movement.
Your muscles are going to really feel big and full after these workouts (especially
Exercise 1 and 3 above). The under video has a dumbbell-only workout for shoulders but in addition reveals
you the means to correctly warm-up earlier than going into your working sets.
Right Here you’re dedicating the complete workout to shoulders, and solely shoulders.
This is going to let you hit every angle of your
shoulders with 6 workouts.
The shoulder press, or overhead press, is usually ignored in a muscle-building program in favor of shoulder isolation workouts.
As A Outcome Of shoulder urgent is very fatiguing, you’re already urgent typically when training the chest.
Additional, you can’t isolate any of the three muscle heads to maximise development.
In this workout, you will do them earlier than the opposite two, when you have a bit extra power in the tank.
Feel free to rearrange the order of the single-joint moves based in your weaknesses, though.
If you decide your delts to be fairly balanced,
merely rotate the order of the single-joint movements from one exercise to the next.
The fibers then prolong laterally, converging and attaching to the skin of the shoulder blade.
Relaxation just sufficient between actions to catch your breath and 2-3 minutes between rounds to recuperate
and reset, allowing you to attack all 5 rounds with focus.
You’ll find all these exercises, together with many extra free
and premium workouts and training applications in our exercise tracker.
Nonetheless, most people will soon have to begin doing a minimum
of one particular train for their biceps to get them to
grow.
After all, they're engaged in all your pressing moves, particularly inclines.
But comparatively weak anterior delts can be holding you again from a bigger chest,
so here is a front-delt-focused workout you can use in place of your common shoulder routine.
You can alternate this routine with a more balanced delt
exercise (such as the mass workout) in your weekly break up.
DirectionsPerform the workout routines as a circuit, completing one set
for every in sequence without rest in between. So you’ll do
one set of the Y elevate, then instantly go on to the lateral elevate, rear-delt
swing, and so on. Afterward, rest two minutes, after which
repeat the circuit as quickly as more.
It activates all main shoulder areas, excelling for upper body stability and conditioning.
The fantastic factor about the Band Pull-Apart lies in its direct targeting of
the rear deltoids through horizontal abduction.
As you pull the band apart, the rear deltoids are activated to regulate and
execute the motion. This train ensures that these often-overlooked muscle
tissue receive the eye they want for balanced shoulder growth.
The cable twisting overhead press is one other efficient single-arm cable
shoulder train. It is a very efficient shoulder press variation that works the anterior delt.
Dips require good shoulder mobility, and should you battle with good
form or really feel discomfort, only go as deep as your mobility allows.
Forcing the depth can irritate your shoulder joint and enhance the chance of damage.
If you need 3D-looking shoulders, your delts have to be equally developed from all angles, which, for many people, means specializing in their facet and rear
delts as an alternative of the front. If you don’t have the constructing materials
to restore the injury accomplished to your physique
then it’s going to try its best and you’ll just find
yourself repairing your delts to their former state.
That’s going to erase your exhausting work and draw out the method of constructing muscle
mass. Eccentric contractions are what you
call it if you keep rigidity on a muscle whereas growing the length of the flexed muscle.
If you find yourself utilizing momentum or your decrease back to raise the weights,
then decrease the burden somewhat bit till you'll find
a way to comfortably do the entrance elevate with
just your arms. To perform this exercise, make certain that your ft are shoulder-width aside,
that you've got got a good grip on the bar, and that you just
keep proper kind. Nonetheless, just be sure you do not elevate your shoulders means an extreme quantity
of when doing this train. It Is additionally a fantastic train as
a result of it targets most of your higher again including your traps.
All you have to do right here is maintain either dumbbells or a barbell with
an overhand grip, after which slowly raise them up in course of your chin.
This train is best for focusing on the deltoids more particularly.
Because you are sat down, your core doesn’t must work as onerous to stabilise you.
This means, you won’t be in a position to lift
as heavy in a seated dumbbell press than a standing one, but
it does help to achieve muscle mass growth in the deltoids
more specifically.
But if you squeeze and focus on utilizing the correct muscles, you’ll undoubtedly challenge
you rear portion of your shoulders. The
operate of the upper trap fibers is to tug the shoulder blades and clavicles up towards the ears.
The mid fibers pull the shoulder blades back to the spine, whereas
the decrease fibers pull them down and in. You must do workout routines replicating each of these actions to work all muscle
areas. Dumbbell shrugs are among the many best exercises to target the upper traps, as they perfectly simulate the direct upward movement of
the target muscle group. This exercise may help develop thick, rounded, or long, streamlined traps between the
neck and shoulders. But when you reach the highest of the curl, plot twist,
you rotate your wrists so your palms face
down.
The greatest dumbbell shoulder exercises use a broad
range of exercises to hit all 3 heads of the deltoid.
Below, I will show you what an example power day and hypertrophy day could
appear to be. That stated, you'd be best served should you do not plan out a whole break up centered on pounding your shoulders
with heavy weights, as you'll for other muscle groups like your legs.
"We want to be super bang on your buck [when coaching the shoulders]," says MH health director Ebenezer
Samuel, C.S.C.S. "You need not kill your shoulders." With the push press,
it ought to be possible to lift quite lots of weight, extra so than any other shoulder train in existence.
This is because, initially the push press requires power to be generated from the
hips and knees so as drive the bar in a vertical path.
As Soon As the bar is transferring, the deltoids (along with a number of
other higher physique muscles) must powerfully engage to have the ability to lock-out the elbows
and successfully full the lift.
This seems a lot easier than it is, so select lighter weights to begin out.
They’ll also enhance your shoulder’s vary of
movement and stability. Dumbbell entrance raises provide you with
a stable, basic weight training train.
When you train with deltoid-specific workouts, you’ll see severe advantages from your newfound
strength gains. Earlier Than we explore the optimum exercises for the deltoids,
I wish to ensure you understand the anatomy of the deltoid muscle.
This exercise engages your posterior, anterior,
and medial deltoids, and even your triceps and traps.

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Fecha última actualización: 27/04/2020